Ethical Practices Essay

1. What are business ethics? Business ethics are rules of conduct, principals, and patterns of behavior in business dealings that involve doing the right thing. An ethical business is a business which embraces universal morals and strives for equality of every job and workplace. Although laws and policies are different in every country, some have lower ethical standards than others which for example can promote child labor, unsafe workplace, and many other approaches which can harm a quality of a workers life. The unethical businesses save money in cutting corners through ethic standards. But unfortunately many companies rely on factories based off unethical work to keep them in business. In some cultures unethical work is recognized to be normal such as child labor in an underdeveloped countries while here it is against the law and seen as inhumane because of how our culture is conditioned here. 2. Give two examples in which Primark is operating in an ethical way. Provide two additional examples of ethical practices or behaviours in a business not associated with retailing or clothing. Primark operating in ethical ways: – Primark bases its code of conduct on the International Labor Organization (ILO). The code of conduct provides an ethical standard code which enforces safe, labor free, and security in work. – Primark provides audits to it suppliers to follow up and ensure the supplier is maintaining ethical practices. Additional examples: – To have no tolerance for discrimination in the workplace. Every race, culture, and gender is treated equally in every work environment. For example in an auto business a women is respected on the same level as men are. 3. Why is it so important for businesses to operate in an ethical way? Explain your answer by referring to the fashion industry. It is so important for businesses to operate in an ethical way because it represents how a company is run in all aspects. 4. In what ways could ethical business practices incur costs to the business? Evaluate the extent to which the benefits to a business of operating in an ethical are likely to outweigh the costs. Ethical practices will cost a business. When a company is ethical it builds confidence in the brand and its reputation, which shareholders are pleased to see. Also, it reduces the risk in bad reputation from bad publicity. In addition, many companies chose to save money and cut the corner with ethical standards. Although the benefit outweighs the cost because overall if a consumer understands and can view the company’s transparency they will be more confident in purchasing products or services from the certain business. Therefore, this will increase a based clientele due to their information of how your business runs and that their purchase adds to promoting standard work ethics. For example if you told a customer that a pair of pants cost a few dollars more than the other ones, but explained that the cheaper pair is made by an 11 year old child working in factory for 14 hours a day getting paid pennies to produce the garment or a woman who made them and she is receiving proper incentives and benefits for working for the company to support her family. I believe every costumer would chose to pay those extra couple of dollars. This is why consumers should push for company transparency, to allow you to see what you really pay for! Therefore, for established company ethical standards will cost more to maintain but in the outcome more customers will be attracted and you will build a loyal client base due to many people who are against ethical issues.

Eleven by Sandra Cisneros Essay

The message that the short story Eleven by Sandra Cisneros tells is that even though you get older you’re still all the same ages you were before. Rather you be five and have to sit on you’re moms lap because you’re scared or when you’re 10 and you might say something stupid. Sandra uses the element imagery quite a bit in her short story. â€Å"†¦When I put one arm through one sleeve of the sweater that smells like cottage cheese, and then the other arm through the other and stand there with my arms apart like if the sweater hurts me and it does, all itchy and full of germs that aren’t even mine.   This particular sentence really describes how awful the sweater must be, she says that one arm of the sleeve smells like cottage cheese and the other is itchy and full of germs that aren’t even hers. The mental image I got from that was a sweater that was a big, ugly, and smelly heap of a very itchy red sweater. Another element of voice Sandra uses is diction. â€Å"Only today I wish I didn’t have only eleven years rattling inside me like pennies in a tin Band-Aid box.   This example of diction was one that would stick out the rest of the story. Instead of saying I wish I were older than 11, Sandra uses diction to emphasize how much she would love to be older than 11. All in all Sandra does an incredible job throughout the book in using elements of voice to portray Rachel, not only did she uses imagery and diction but she used detail, syntax, and tone. She very nicely described how all people will revert back to past ages. Overall, she uses many elements of voice to depict the message of this story.

Case study of a man with parkinsons disease

Case study of a man with parkinsons disease Mr Henderson has arrived in hospital after a history of falls at home and has just commenced a new medication regime. It is very possible that he may be anxious, worried, frightened as a result of falling at home which also may result in loss of confidence. He may also be apprehensive about his new medication regime. Having been diagnosed with Parkinson’s for 5 years, he more than likely knowns the importance of getting his medications on time, in reducing the symptoms allowing him to maximise his independence. However, it is not for the nurse to presume this and she/he must sit down, talk to him, allowing him time to talk and express his worried and anxieties. This was help to establish a relationship and Mr Henderson will understand that you are there to support him throughout his journal of care. The nurse should also make sure that all members of the multidisciplinary team are aware of Mr Henderson’s condition and if they are not aware of the importance of getting medication on time out with ‘normal’ drug rounds then they should be informed of its importance and understand the significant consequences resulting from not getting the drugs on time such as reduced independence and prolonged hospital stay. As medications are a large part in maximising independence and mobility and it may be suggested that Mr Henderson receives his medications before getting out of bed in the morning. This will allow time for the drugs to work and therefore enabling him to get out of bed more easily. ‘Freezing’, a symptom of Parkinson’s’ disease can be distressing for patients. It affects gait initiation, turning and moving through small spaces, such a doors and busy areas. Anxiety can exacerbate freezing and it is vital that the nurse can firstly recognise anxiety, this may be achieve through effective communication and listening skills and secondly developing strategies to reduce anxiety levels such as allowing him time to talk, listening and taking on board his expressions allowing for a trusting relationship to be developed, helping him to build in confidence and preparing him psychologically for going home. Various strategies have been suggested to assist with ‘freezing’. Alexander, Fawcett and Runicnan (2006) suggest cognitive techniques in breaking down movement. They suggest breaking down the task of getting out of bed in the morning and describe that patients should bend their knees so that feet are flat on the mattress and they the patient should swing knees in the direction that he wants to turn. The next stage involves clasping both hands and lifting them straight up, straightening the elbows, then turning the head and swinging the arms in the same direction as the legs. Finally the patient can grip the edge of the mattress and adjust his position until comfortable. When Mr Henderson is mobilising then it is important that he does not have any distractions and the nurse or othe r members of staff should not disturb or interrupt if at all possible as this could lead to ‘freezing’. The Parkinson’s Disease Society describe cueing strategies as external meaning visual, auditory or preprioceptive or internal meaning cognitive.

Effective outsourcing allows companies to focus on their core business Essay

Effective outsourcing allows companies to focus on their core business - Essay Example For example India has about 5-6% of the global outsourcing market share and from it, it was able to generate revenue of US $ 10.9 billion in the year 2008 (Bijan 2009). By description, outsourcing is a process by which a company contracts a third party to perform for them a particular function that is not considered as one of the company’s core activities. The third party can be another company or a person. Outsourcing is more prominent in countries with high wage rates where companies outsource their non-core functions to countries with low wage rates for example China and India. The main advantages or reasons for outsourcing include gaining access to globally competitive capabilities, control and reduce operation costs, accelerate re-engineering benefits, share risks, and reduce time and efforts for marketing. It also enables a company to utilize resources that are not available internally, free their resources for development of other resources and improve their focus on th e core business activities of the company (Bijan et al 2002). The intention of this essay is to show how effective outsourcing enables/allows companies to keep a focus on their core businesses. Various writers have identified various dimensions that should be considered when making outsourcing decisions. This paper gives a discussion of four of these namely, core competencies, spatial, geographic and product innovation dimension. Under core competencies dimension, a company should not only consider growing in size and scope but it should also ensure that it maintains it specializes in and sustains focus on its core competencies. This means it should not only focus on repetitive tasks but extend to include a wider range of activities. These include knowledge-intensive tasks and sensitive functions for example R&D and design. This will enable the company to increase knowledge from external sources and hence be flexible in responding to challenges and pressures from competition (Stark et al 2006). According to (Bijan et al 2002) the process of outsourcing non-core activities allows a company to step up its resource allocation and managerial attention to those tasks it does the best. These tasks constitute the core business activities/core competencies of the company. This leads to workers and managers being more committed to the company’s core activities. This in turn increases flexibility and responsiveness which generate beneficial impacts on the performance of the firm. Such a specialization leads to high quality production. This is important in the current local and global sectors and markets characterized by very competitive pressures, complex technologies and short product life cycle. Another dimension to be considered in outsourcing decision making is spatial dimension. In this dimension, the company should explore the geographic span of the outsourcing activity. This includes the spatial distribution of all activities that are to be outsourced and the geographic extend of the value chains that will result from this. Dhanapal et al (20080 explains that this dimension has to receive adequate attention because it can result to larger inventories, greater flexibility and longer lead times. Larger spatial span can also result to coordination and communication difficulties and lowered advantage of costs that are fixed in nature. The company therefore has to consider the competitive advantages of the territories and competitive strategies of their firms. In the

GALLERY REPORT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

GALLERY REPORT - Research Paper Example A tapestry uses essential filaments intertwined into braids (Dissanayake 128). The intensity of the hues utilized portrays the intensity of the conquests of King Alfonso of Portugal. Though it was woven five centuries earlier by Flemish weavers, the distinctness represented by the value of the hues are still apparent in the featured soldiers’ details. Secondly, the Sculpture Garden showcases quite an ambience with its impressive design and horticulture splendor. The harmony of the lines in its physical structure complement the natural variety of the plants. It’s open lawns, central pool with a spouting fountain, and highlighted sculptures makes it ideal for families to enjoy visual elements of design. With the interaction of different media in an open-air atmosphere, unity is enigmatically observed. Clearly, this is an example of good art since it is unforgettable, grows in stature, and continually matures (Hoving 12). Regarding sculptures, Claude Michel’s Poetry and Music marble sculpture captures balance and content depicted by a cupid riveted by his book and another cherub enraptured by his lute’s music. Harmony between lyrics and melody is shaped in a light-hearted and delicate technique(The Collection). Generally, this tourist spot is where people of all walks of life can appreciate art in its varied impressions like love, numbers, language, and enlightenment (Raczka,

In-Office Nuclear Cardiac Stress Lab Term Paper

In-Office Nuclear Cardiac Stress Lab - Term Paper Example This report will take into consideration the financial, health and economic implications of adding an in-office nuclear cardiac stress lab as an investment to an existing eight-physician cardiology practice while taking into consideration the expected returns, compliance to Stark physician self-referral law and recommendation on whether the project remains viable or not. More importantly, it is essential to undertake assumptions upon which the evaluation of the project is based on. One of the assumptions is that as a profit making organization, the project implemented should give high levels of returns that are of additional value to the existence of the healthcare facility as a whole. In addition, the forecasted revenues and expenses are expected to remain constant over the period in which the project is functional. Nonetheless, the initial costs comprising of marketing expenses, clinician education cost are paid only once at the initial start of the project. More so, the rest of th e expenses and revenues remain constant for the rest of the project life cycle (Moyer et al., 2012). Finally, the investment in the in-office nuclear cardiac stress lab will be a long-term project that is expected to last for a longer period. Estimated net revenue and volume projections More significantly, an analysis of the data issued based on income and expenses issued in the spreadsheet are more likely to be based on the initial costs and revenues to be recovered on implementation of the project. Nonetheless, the main question is based on considerations made in case the project become a success or failure and the revenue collected would face increase or decrease in the estimated net revenue and volume projections (Young, 2003). As a result, the changes in volume projections should influence the estimated net revenue over the years as the project is expected to be a long time. Payor mix and contract rates, including bad debt assumptions Considerably, the payor mix influence the a mount of collections that go to the contractor who is involved with the implementation of the project (Moyer et al., 2012). Nonetheless, the current contract rates through allowance of $941,223 seem to be favorable in case they are paid at the initial project outlay because it still ensures that financial benefits derived from the project remains viably high. Considering that bad debt include those revenues that are likely to be defaulted by the customers, the estimated value is high as it stands at $149,363. Capital expenditures and start-up costs In most cases, capital expenditure relates to the cash from a business that is spent on purchasing of new fixed assets that are entitled to give the business-increased benefits. More so, the capital expenditures relate to the start-up costs of investment projects for example, the implementation of the initial outlay in-office nuclear cardiac stress lab allows expenses to initiate the costs. However, it is advisable to recover the capital expenditure and the start up costs over a lifecycle period within which the project yields free cash flow (Moyer et al., 2012). Therefore, the costs that attribute to the start up costs and capital expenditu

Case study - Physiological responses in cross-country sprint skiing; a

- Physiological responses in cross-country sprint skiing; a in regulation, control and homeostasis. (1500 words) - Case Study Example One of the changes that promote greater oxygen diffusion is the contraction of the muscles takes a lot of oxygen because the oxygen is needed to replace Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) that has undergone the process of hydrolysis at the time relaxation of muscles. Therefore, relaxation of muscles is essential because it leads to increase the supply of blood for metabolisms. Another change is the vascular resistance of the skeletal muscles. The resistance of skeletal muscles leads to build up of pressure in the arteries. There is buildup of pressure is due to the narrowing down of the diameter of the arteries, thus leading to increased heartbeat. There are several capillaries around the cardiac muscles; therefore when there is resistance to the flow of the blood, the diffusion distance is also reduced. The reduced distance for the diffusion in turn affects the exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide. Buffering agents reverse the hydrogen ion that reduces the PH and maintain it b etween 7.38 and 7.42 which is a neutral Potential Hydrogen. There are extracellular buffer agent and the intracellular buffer agents. The extra cellular buffers are like bicarbonates and ammonia while the intracellular buffers are like proteins and phosphates. Moreover, the kidney can also work by eliminating the toxic substances that accumulate in the body tissues but in the case of thorough exercise it may not be efficient. In addition, renal physiology is active in maintaining the level of PH in the body. In a way of responding to the low PH or the acidity, the tube-like cells reabsorb bicarbonate from the fluids that flows in the body tube. The tubular cells are in the linings of tubes like the collecting duct. Again the collecting duct has cells those secrets a lot of hydrogen ions thus manufacturing a lot of bicarbonates, a process known as ammonia genesis. The process leads to the formation of ammonia buffer. The air temperature during the race is 8 C, which

American Alcohol Prohibition Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

American Alcohol Prohibition - Thesis Example Crime, especially organized crime, was on the rise and many believed alcohol was at the root of many of these problems including the changing American family values. When Herbert Hoover introduced prohibition in 1919 he called it "the noble experiment", presenting it as a law that hoped to curb sin and poverty across America. In fact, the 18th Amendment was part of a wider reaction from white, Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPS) against social changes within the USA brought on by mass immigration and the growth in demand for African-American rights. Therefore despite claims of prohibition being a progressive reform, in fact, it symbolized a rejection of modernity. So, on January 17, 1920, the United States Government enacted the eighteenth amendment to the Constitution which â€Å"prohibited Americans from manufacturing, selling, or transporting alcoholic beverages.†1 This decision, also known as the Noble Experiment, would remain in effect just short of thirteen years regardless of intense opposition. The position of those in favor of this law was that it was the duty and responsibility of the government to protect all of its citizens. In spite of the controversial nature of this decision, this was not a new concept as Asbridge and Weerasinghe note that â€Å"Concerted national policy efforts around prohibition in the United States began in 1913 (facilitated by the Webb–Kenyon Act) followed, a few years later, with the enactment of the War Prohibition Act in 1918, banning the manufacture and sale of all beverages with more than 2.75% alcohol.†2 Various states had their own adoptions of state restrictions on alcohol particularly in areas where alcohol-related incidents were high. â€Å"For Chicago, alcohol’s link to organized crime was particularly troubling. Not until the election of Mayor William Dever in 1923, a man who believed firmly in the letter of the law and who enforced prohibition stalwartly, did a formal attack on bootleggin g and organized crime emerge; however, this led to intense territorial wars between organized crime gangs, including the famous Chicago Beer Wars that resulted in dozens of homicides.†3 The hope was that limiting alcohol could limit the crime as well as growing immorality and concern of compromising ethical values of the American people. However, this act received huge opposition as it decreased income for many but also created losses in sales tax revenue. The demand for alcohol only led to the illegal sales of alcohol and bootleggers soon emerged creating additional problems while the sales of alcohol continued in spite of the legality. This example alone should have provided evidence that limiting alcohol on a national scale would not be any more successful. Although consumption of alcohol fell at the beginning of Prohibition, it subsequently increased. Alcohol became more dangerous to consume; crime increased and became "organized"; the court and prison systems were stretch ed to the breaking point, and corruption of public officials was rampant. No measurable gains were made in productivity or reduced absenteeism.

Research critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research critique - Essay Example Likewise, the paper did not explicitly state the problem, but with clear defined focus and a well argued urgency and necessity for the study, apparently, the problem centers on the effectiveness of mutual goal setting (MGS) and supportive-educative (SE) nursing interventions in improving the mental health (MH) and quality of life (QOL) of individuals with heart failure (HF) – a very relevant study specifically for nursing, since among health workers, nurses are tasked to monitor health conditions of patients. With the study addressing a clinical problem that is experimental in nature, quantitative approach has been appropriate. The stated hypotheses: â€Å"That by (1) educating HF patients about their disease and supporting them in self-care management behaviors and (2) enhancing their sense of control through MGS, they will experience significant improvements in their MH and QOL† (Scott, Setter-Kline, & Britton, 2004, p. 249) have clearly specified the key variables an d the study population as consistently illustrated in the conceptual framework and as supported by a brief yet cohesive review of literature both in theories and related studies. Observably, the literature review, which references are good combination of old(1990-1998) and current (1999-2004) books (3-1), journals (4-7), and government materials (3-1), although brief has provided sufficient theoretical: â€Å"†¦ worry, depression, and loss of control may contribute to feelings of powerlessness among individuals receiving treatment for advance HF† (Scott, 2000, cited in Ibid, p. 249), and practical: â€Å"the use of SE nursing intervention improved self-care behaviors and decreased symptom frequency and distress, yet only limited improvements in QOL were identified† (Jaarsma et al., 2000, cited in Ibid), support to the study. However, studies cited here were not critiqued maybe due to the

Value for health care managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Value for health care managers - Essay Example In this gradual endeavor, healthcare managers may help a medical personnel carry out vital tasks efficiently in treating a patient by examining the set of necessities that matter to the working personnel who seeks to fulfil them to acquire a motivational tool for enhancing performance. It may be a tedious work to come to know and evaluate the concerns of each individual working in a medical firm. There are need-based theories of motivation, however, which a healthcare manager may look into and for which to invest some time to assist him in determining which would be most fitting and valuable at targeting to motivate a particular group or individual in the company. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, the ERG theory of Clayton Alderfer, the Two-Factor theory of Frederick Herzberg, and D. McClelland’s Acquired Needs theory are the four need-based theories of motivation which to some extent attempt to demonstrate grounds for human needs and wants (Carpenter, Bauer, & Erdogan, 2009 ). Majority of these and related theories according to the specific needs of a man bring across the significance of having certain needs come to be satisfied prior to shifting focus on other priorities that are less relevant in the sense that they bear no direct impact upon motivation. By his Hierarchy of Needs, Abraham Maslow proposed ranking of human needs with the use of pyramid representation where the basic of all is the state of ‘physiology’. Maslow points out that only by satisfying such primary requirement through sufficient food, air, and water can the person proceed to deal with supplicating the need for safety which is on the next level since needs come in the order of importance and human desires attached with the needs, particularly those yet to be satisfied, affect human behavior (Cuizon, 2009). Using the pyramid model, Maslow further levels up safety to social need after which esteem is accounted for in order that self-actualization on the top-most level can be sustained by a character initially developed by self-worth. The hierarchy presents a systematic manner of assessing where a laborer stands within circumstances which allow him to display appropriate potentials where, in doing so, the process may inevitably reflect what he lacks or yearns for. Moreover, application of Maslow’s theory could bring out in each subject the type of response through which a behavior is delivered or that which suggests how the person feels about the situation in relation to himself and the people around him. Consequently, his strengths and weaknesses are also revealed in the course of communicating to others his set of attributes and principles which depict them. For instance, an employee who is trying to feed her esteem may be appreciative of a boss who receives an equal or higher degree of acclaim may rather find it unsuitable or awkward if she occurs to be at the stage of trying to be socially content, knowing that individual rewards would probably keep her further apart from the rest of the circle which she desires to be part of (Carpenter, et al., 2009). Considering the ability of a competent healthcare manager to execute

Reducing College Tuition Essay Example for Free

Reducing College Tuition Essay Abstact There is a need to reduce the cost of college tuition in America. The rising costs threaten the ability and desire of students to attend college, but there are ways for both parents and students to make going to college more affordable. The Need to Reduce College Tuition With the cost of education on the rise, students are asking that time aged question, will they be able to attend college? The answer is yes, and without taking on the burden of overpriced tuition fees and loans. Attending community college has become a trend across the country and offer continuing education with little to no direct cost to students. Dual enrollment options, where a student can take a class that counts towards both high school and college credits are becoming increasingly popular with a large proportion of these students enrolling through two-year colleges and universities. Economic downturns are also believed to attract many students to community colleges, acting as a more affordable route to higher education at a time when money is tight and jobs are scarce. In 2007, 6.3 million students enrolled in community colleges in the United States, representing 34 percent of all undergraduates, and 46 percent of all undergraduates at public institutions. (25 Ways to Reduce the Cost of College Tuition, 2006) Community college enrollments have grown considerably over the last half-century, reflecting a general increase in demand for postsecondary degrees seen in this period. However, little attention is given to the fact that community colleges have quietly gained not only in enrollments, but in public institution market share as well (25 Ways to Reduce the Cost of College Tuition, 2006). Colleges and universities are not in a position to give you a discount on the cost of tuition. What they can do, however, is offer you gift aid in the form of scholarships, grants and work-study programs to reduce your out-of-pocket cost of attendance. Even if you’ve been awarded some gift aid from the school in your financial aid award letter, there may be additional aid available that the school can use to attract desirable candidates (Negotiating Your College Tuition, 2012). Once you’ve been accepted to a colleges or university, look at their published tuition rates and your financial situation. While public colleges will generally have a lower tuition, keep in mind that private, non-profit colleges are more dependent on tuition money, so they may be especially willing to make a deal with you – receiving less tuition money from a student is better than receiving no money at all, and you should always ask about other monies that may be available through programs and scholarships. If you do not ask, the school will not divulge this information willingly (Negotiating Your College Tuition, 2012). President Obama offered a plan Friday to reduce the costs of higher education by increasing the amount of federal grant money available for low-interest loans and tying it directly to colleges’ ability to reduce tuition (WP Politics, 2012). In an impassioned speech before 4,000 students at the University of Michigan, Obama delivered an election-year pitch to the type of youthful audience that buoyed his 2008 campaign, saying his administration was putting colleges â€Å"on notice† that they must rein in soaring prices. (WP Politics, 2012). â€Å"You can’t assume you’ll just jack up tuition every single year,† Obama said to cheers at Glick Field House (Obama, 2012), the school’s indoor football facility. â€Å"If you can’t stop tuition going up, your funding from taxpayers will go down. We should push colleges to do better; we should hold them accountable if they don’t† (Obama, 2012). With all the talk during the run for president, it will be great to see if all the plans for college tuition being lowered are true. We have thousands of students graduating from colleges across the country, and if they cannot find jobs that will pay them enough to pay back student loans, they will find themselves drowning in debt, and this will not be good for the student or the economy. These people will not be able to establish credit, buy a home or even purchase a vehicle. They will fall further in debt as the interest rate on the loan accumulates. This is why tuition fees need to be reduced, so even if a student does not come straight out of school with a high paying job, they will be able to make affordable payments on their loans without being overwhelmed. Tuition fees are scary. References 25 Ways to Reduce the Cost of College Tuition. (2006, September). Retrieved from Center for College affordability: http://centerforcollegeaffordability.org/uploads/25Ways_to_Reduce_the_Cost_of_College.pdf Negotiating Your College Tuition. (2012). Retrieved from Campus Explorer: http://www.campusexplorer.com/college-advice-tips/422D4AF3/Negotiating-Your-College-Tuition/ WP Politics. (2012, November 02). Retrieved from The Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-outlines-incentive-plan-to-reduce-college-tuition-costs/2012/01/27/gIQAc92fVQ_story.html

Free

Free Trades Impact on the Workforce Essay Liberalization in trading policy enables ease of flow in trading goods between different nations or state by removing heavy impositions in the economic policies on restrictive world trading or commerce. Free trade’s policy to strengthen world market includes tariff reduction, non-restrictive quota, labor and capital movement across and within states, open markets, reduced restrictive international policy, tax reduction, and related issues. Free trade complies with the ideology of comparative advantage by Ricardo, which places all members of the free trade in an equal and open competition in the free market (Stockmann 1989). The economics of free trade is relatively simple: by removing the tariffs and tax revenues, the net economic gain increases by reduction of consumer loss and increased gain of the producers. However, the so-called economics of free trade is prone to criticisms because of the ambiguity of the market. Aspects investigated are its effect on the producer, consumer, government and the workforce. The workforce or the driving force of the economy mirrors the pro’s and con’s of trade liberalization. The main question is that will free trade exact profitable netto as a whole or if it will effect a more positive impact on certain economic structures more specifically the workforce arena. The tangible effect is seen in the statistical economics of the country. Free Trade Agreement of US and Trade Adjustment Assistance to a number of countries resulted to a more structurally sound and profitable market. As of 2005, exportation industry generated $1. 2 trillion and manufacturing jobs at 20%. Job exportation comprises 15 % of the jobs/work. The service sector accounts for one-third of the exportation (2006 Trade Policy Agenda and 2005 Annual Report, 2006). As seen in the aforementioned statistics, the workforce gains in the non-traditional market system by the increase job outputs/opportunities by expanding consumer zones. Take into account that most of the consumers are found outside the state and thus freer trade would imply more jobs. Naturally, increase exportation would increase the Gross domestic Product and the real per capita income of the state. The workforce benefits by less cost of commodities, more products to choose from, higher income and a higher standard of living. Job opportunities created for the workforce over the past score years decreases poverty by bulks. However, this is not to say that free trade is beneficial at all times. Free trade members do always emerge as a winner. It all boils down to the clause of the agreement. High cost production does not always benefit from the free-trade system as compared to the low cost producers. Equal tariff rates are imposed at producers who may have spent different amounts on their cost production. Thus, this spawns economic inefficiency and as a result possible cost-cutting of the high cost producer can result to â€Å"reduced job seats. † Workforce or employs in domestic companies can be affected by the reduced cost (price dumping) of the â€Å"imported goods† especially in the face of stiff competitors. Small time producers, especially those belonging to the poor sector (e. g. farmers) do not benefit and instead their profits are reduced. Also, competitive industries like the First World countries (e. . US) have a distinct advantage because they can market superior products en masse over the less-superior products of the developing countries. The less developed countries have the lesser chance of having their products bought because of ‘colonial mentality’ among consumers. Thus there is still a question if free trade encourages workers or if it displaces them. The global marketing competition forwarded by the free market system on the workforce arena is bilateral; while it may have reaped benefits for the winning party, the loser tends to lose more in the process.

Synthesis of API’s and API’s based Derivative

Synthesis of API’s and API’s based Derivative Title of Proposed Project: Efficient synthesis of API’s and API’s based Derivative for their Structure Activity Relationship and Pharmacokinetics Profile Project Details Project Summary This project concern with the establishment of organic synthesis facilities in Department of Chemistry, UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI. The established facilities will be used for the training of BS/M.Sc./MS/M.Phil. And Ph.D. scholars in the field of Organic Synthesis. In this project we will focus on the establishment of synthetic organic laboratory, the synthesis of the two API’s (Secnidazole Atenolol). We are requiring the following basic facilities which we want to establish by this research project. Facilities required for: Organic Synthesis Fuming HOODs for save, non-hazardous and smooth working at the moment. Inert atmosphere working conditions since many organic reactions requires inert condition. Safety equipment’s i.e. firefighting equipment’s, washing shower in case of chemical accident and first aid facilities. (UPS) as regular power breakdown results in the unsuccessful reactions and causing faults in the electronic instruments. UV lamp as processing of many reaction monitor under UV light. Rotary evaporator Partial availability of glass wares. MAS-II Microwave workstation for repaid synthesis of APIs. Proposed Goals / Objectives Hypothesis / Basis of research The purpose of this project is to setup a laboratory which can design (Organic Synthesis) and synthesize (Organic Synthesis) the APIs for the local Pharmaceutical industry along with the establishment of the required facilities. The following APIs will be synthesized. ATENOLOL Efficient Synthesis of Atenolol. Synthesis of Atenolol based derivatives for Structure-Activity Relationship Studies (SARS) and their pharmacokinetics profile SECNIDAZOLE Efficient Synthesis of Secnidazole Synthesis of Secnidazole based derivatives for Structure-Activity Relationship Studies (SARS) and their pharmacokinetics profile Goals / Objectives Boost up economy of Pakistan Synthetic solution for local industry. Provide sufficient amount of these drugs to common people. INTRODUCTION API stands for active pharmaceutical ingredients and its covers a lot of pharmaceutically active compounds which has great importance in industry as well as to common people as the insufficiency of these drugs causes hundreds of death. Due to the importance of API we decided to work with the synthesis of API as it will create the impact of API research on national level. The synthesis of API could decrease the import bill of such active ingredient in Pakistan and also opens the opportunity of job. This project could provide a platform to save the foreign currency reserves and supply sufficient amount of drugs to common people at low cost. Ours Efforts will be enabling to purpose the more efficient synthesis of complex molecules. In this project we have design the synthesis of the following APIs ATENOLOL Efficient Synthesis of Atenolol. Synthesis of Atenolol based derivatives for Structure-Activity Relationship Studies (SARS) and their pharmacokinetics profile SECNIDAZOLE Efficient Synthesis of Secnidazole Synthesis of Secnidazole based derivatives for Structure-Activity Relationship Studies (SARS) and their pharmacokinetics profile 4a) Background of the Research Problems to be addressed Secnidazole (Part: A) Efficient Synthesis of Secnidazole Secnidazole is a molecule which belongs to the class of 5-nitroimidazole and it is considerably more effective than other imidazole drugs. It is the important API required for the local industry. However it has been used for the treatment of amoebiasis, giardiasis, urogenital trichomoniasis and nonspecific bacterial vaginosis and also a gel formulation of secnidazole was developed for the treatment of periodontitis. . All nitroimidazoles are synthetic drugs such as metronidazole. Tinidazole, dimetridazole, secnidazole and ornidazole. Among all these we selected secnidazole because of its High efficacy. Secinidazole is the mainly use for antiprotozoal activity and its single dose possess three days anti protozoal activity. Figure 1: Chemical Structure IUPAC Name:1-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl) propan-2-ol Figure 2: Proposed Two-Step Synthesis route for Secnidazole After observing the reaction condition and UV-Vis absorption, FTIR, ESI-MS and NMR results. The purposed scheme will be optimized. Synthesis of Secnidazole based derivatives for Structure-Activity Relationship Studies (SARS) and their pharmacokinetics profile Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of existing drugs can be enhanced by chemical modifications. A prodrug (drug transporter) formation is a great approach to improve and modify the physio chemical properties of the drug, boost up its concentration at the site of action, extend its period of action and decrease its toxicity. Regarding 5–7% of drugs approved worldwide are categorized as prodrug. Prodrugs are the reversible, inactive or less active derivatives of a drug. Prodrugs are hydrolyzed either by enzymatically or non-enzymatically to discharge parent drug while the co-drugs (mutual prodrug) are the special type of prodrug in which two or more pharmacologically active pro moieties exist via chemical bond to release two or more parent drugs upon the cleavage of bond by enzymatically or chemically. The variety of chemical linkages used in the formation of Prodrugs. Although the ester formation is common followed by imides, amide and carbamate derivative. Thatâ₠¬â„¢s why in this project our aim is to synthesize the prodrug for its better mode of action and their structure activity relationship and their pharmacokinetics profile. ATENOLOL (Part: B) Efficient Synthesis of Atenolol Atenolol (ATN) belongs to the class of drug called beta-blockers. Beta-blockers (beta adrenoreceptor antagonists) are basically competitive inhibitor that’s inhibits the action of stimulating hormones on beta adrenergic receptors in the nervous system. Atenolol works by competing for receptors sites on cardiac muscle. This slow down the strength of heart‘s contractions and reduce its oxygen requirements and the volume of blood it has to pump. Atenolol is one of the extensive used active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) for the treatment of Hypertension, myocardial infarction (Heart attack), Arrhythmias (rhythms disorder), Angina (chest pain) and disorder arising from decreased circulation of blood. Figure 1: Chemical Structure IUPAC Name:2-[4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino) propoxy] phenyl] acetamide Figure 2: Proposed Two-Step Synthesis route for Atenolol The stereochemistry is important for any molecules. In atenolol (S) isomer is important for its activity the opposite (R) enantiomer may be responsible for the side effects. There have been considerable efforts done in the preparation of enantiomerically pure(S) confirmation Synthesis of Atenolol based derivatives for Structure-Activity Relationship Studies (SARS) and their pharmacokinetics profile On the basis of the importance of prodrug (mention above part) our aim is to synthesize the prodrug for its better mode of action and their structure activity relationship and their pharmacokinetics profile. 4B.RESEARCH PLAN/ METHODOLOGY: SCHEDULE/PHASING Establishment of Organic Synthesis Facilities: In the starting 1st months of this project all the basic and reaction requirement apparatus and glassware will be installing. Efficient Synthesis of SECNIDAZOLE: After initialization, the starting 3 months will be utilized on the proposed and modified efficient synthesis of Secnidazole to get the maximum yield of required API at minimum cost. Synthesis of SECNIDAZOLE based derivatives for SARS: In the 5th and 6th month modification on the molecule of Secnidazole will be applied and study their pharmacokinetics profile Synthesis of ATENOLOL: In the period of 7th to 9th month of the project efficient synthesis of atenolol will be done Synthesis of ATENOLOL based derivatives for SARS: In the period of 10th to 11th month of the project timeline, derivatization of atenolol will be carried out and studied their pharmacokinetics profile Summarize results and expand to new project: At the end month of this project timeline a final project report will be submitted along with findings. Also discuss the achievements and problems faced during this project. 4c) References Secnidazole (Part: A) Larina, Lyudmila, and Valentin Lopyrev.Nitroazoles: synthesis, structure and applications. New York: Springer, 2009. Crozet, Maxime D., Cà ©line Botta, Monique Gasquet, Christophe Curti, Vincent Rà ©musat, Sà ©bastien Hutter, Olivier Chapelle, Nadine Azas, Michel De Mà ©o, and Patrice Vanelle. Lowering of 5-nitroimidazoles mutagenicity: towards optimal antiparasitic pharmacophore.European journal of medicinal chemistry44, no. 2 (2009): 653-659 Wang, She-Feng, Yong Yin, Fang Qiao, Xun Wu, Shao Sha, Li Zhang, and Hai-Liang Zhu. Synthesis, molecular docking and biological evaluation of metronidazole derivatives containing piperazine skeleton as potential antibacterial agents.Bioorganic medicinal chemistry22, no. 8 (2014): 2409-2415. Samanta, Himadri Sekhar, and Samit Kumar Ray. Controlled release of tinidazole and theophylline from chitosan based composite hydrogels.Carbohydrate polymers106 (2014): 109-120. Elias, P. cureforneedy.com 2009, 1-11. Shahid, Hafiz Abdullah, Ejaz Hussain, Sajid Jahangir, and Sammer Yousuf. 1-(2-Methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl) propan-2-yl acetate.Acta Crystallographica Section E: Structure Reports Online70, no. 3 (2014): o294-o294. Atenolol (Part: B) Chaudhari, Vilas, Syed Hussain, and Milind Ubale. International Journal of Chemical Studies. Kitaori, Kazuhiro, Yoshikazu TAKEHIRA, Yoshiro FURUKAWA, Hiroshi YOSHIMOTO, and Junzo OTERA. A practical synthesis of optically active atenolol from chiral epichlorohydrin.Chemical and pharmaceutical bulletin45, no. 2 (1997): 412-414. Darnle, Subhash V., Prashant N. Patil, and Manikrao M. Salunkhe. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of (R)-and (S)-atenolol and propranolol employing lipase catalyzed enantioselective esterification and hydrolysis.Synthetic communications29, no. 22 (1999): 3855-3862 IMPACT OF PROPOSED RESEARCH The impact of this project will boost up the economy of Pakistan and will decrease the import bill of Pakistan and also increases the exportation. The project also aims to train the man power and create the skillful hand that can provide the better solution to our local industry. This project also creates the networking between the local industry and researcher. This project also contributes in the providing of the medicine to common people at minimum cost. Estimated Budget For The Proposed Research Period: DESCRIPTION PER YEAR Amount (in million Rs) A. Salaries and Honorarium PI: One Month/Year of Basic Pay @ 104000 0.104 (208000) Student Ships @ 20,000.00 per month (two) 480000 0.48 (480000) Secretariat Staff Part-time Lab Attendant @ 1500 PM 18000 0.018 (18000) Subtotal: (A) 602000 0.602 (602000) B. Permanent Equipment General purpose fume hood @ Pkr 150,000/= (two) 300000 0.600 (600000) The rotary evaporator  ® r 3 focuses and accessories @ Pkr 1500000 1500000 1.500 (1500000) Jacketed reaction apparatus @ Pkr 169650/= (one) 169650 0.1695 (169650) Glassware, hotplates, stirrer, etc. 250000 0.250 (250000) Laptop (dell core 2i) 50000 0.050 (50000) General lab update i.e. Ups and power supply solutions 250000 0.250 (250000) Mas II: microwave synthesis system @ $8000/= (one) 800000 0.800 (800000) Subtotal: (B) 3319650 3.319650 (3319650) C. Expendable Supplies Chemicals and solvents 300000 0.300 (300000) General lab expenditures 100000 0.100 (100000) Spectroscopy techniques 250000 0.250 (250000) Subtotal: (C) 650000 0.65 (650000) D. Others (Literature, documentation, information, online literature search, contingencies, postage, Local Travel Miscellaneous etc). Journal Publication Fee / Online Material (up to Rs.50,000) 50000 0.050 (50000) Stationary/Contingency (10,000/- per year) 10000 0.010 (10000) Participation in local conferences, workshops and winter summer schools by PI and students 10000 0.010 (10000) Audit Fee (Max. Rs 10,000) 10000 0.010 (10000) Accountant Fee (Max. Rs. 10,000) 10000 0.010 (10000) Subtotal: (D) 90000 0.090 (90000) Grand Total (A + B + C + D): 4661650 4.661650 (4661650) JUSTIFICATION Salaries Allowances Two Studentships @ 20,000.00 per month (PM): It is very necessary that at least two full time studentships available to students so that students can perform their work with piece of mind so that they have no need to sort part time jobs to meet their day to day expense Part-time Lab Attendant @ 1500 PM: During period of project operations different kind of tasks are assigned to Lab Attendant in addition to their normal job responsibilities. Therefore it is justified to compensate their work with an honorarium. Permanent Equipment: The Rotary Evaporator and accessories (one): Many organic reactions are in liquid phase and require much more time to evaporate on room temperature that’s why to save time and fast reaction process need rotary evaporator. General Purpose Fume Hood: As many organic reaction, chemicals and solvents are hazardous to human health. For safety and precautionary step need two fuming hoods Jacketed Reaction Apparatus: It is the temperature control apparatus. As many reaction are temperature dependent and monitor through varying temperature. to make reaction efficient we need jacketed reaction apparatus Glassware, Hotplates, Stirrer, refwork etc: These are the basics requirement for organic synthesis as well as we have shortage of these basics needs that’s why we need these General lab updates i.e. UPS and Power Supply solutions: Regular breakdown of power supply has resulted in the failure of organic reactions as well as damage of electronic appliances. Therefore a need to establish backup of power supply. Expendable supplies Chemicals and solvents: These play key role in all reaction either organic or inorganic and no one can performed reaction without this so these funding are fully justified General Lab Expenditures: these are the basic need for researcher to meet day to day expenses Participation in local conferences, workshops and winter/summer schools by PI and students: These funding are required to communicate our work on national and international level. Also learn gain information from their experience

Contrasting Love in To His Coy Mistress and Elegy for Jane Essay

Contrasting Love in To His Coy Mistress and Elegy for Jane  Ã‚      If one is interested enough to look, one can find twenty-eight definitions for the word "love" in the dictionary. Such a broadly-defined word has no doubt contributed to the diverse array of poems which all claim (legitimately) to be about "love". Two such poems are "To His Coy Mistress", by Andrew Marvell, and "Elegy for Jane", by Theodore Roethke. Both poems are clearly love poems; however, the types of love that each one represents are quite different. "To His Coy Mistress" is written in a very amorous tone, while "Elegy for Jane" is written with a tone of deep, personal affection and loss. Dictionary definition number three for love is "sexual passion or desire". This is the stance from which "To His Coy Mistress" is written. Marvell spends the first twenty lines of the poem lauding such female attributes as coyness and virginity (lines 2 and 6). The first twenty lines of the poem are Marvell’s attempt to gain the trust of the object of the poem (for it is clearly written for a young lady). He assures her that if he had the time, he would love her as she deserves to be loved (line 19). He assures her that he could spend over thirty-thousand years praising the parts of her body. He would also wait a time of biblical magnitude (lines 8-10) for the young lady to bestow her sexual favors upon him, if he had the time to wait. However, even in this sort of "you can trust me because I love you and fully appreciate you for who you are" set-up to gain the confidence of the girl, it is clear that his intentions are amorous: the fact that he would spend a mere hundred year s praising her eyes, yet spend a collective four hundred years on her breasts (lines 13-15) is... ...ither father nor lover"). Their bond, ostensibly teacher/student, grew into a friendship far stronger than an academic one. The tone is nostalgic, yet mournful the loss of one for whom the speaker had a deep affection. Love comes in many forms, and poets have likely described them all at one point or another. With so many different types of love, it is quite possible for two "love poems" to be written in completely different tones. Marvell’s "To His Coy Mistress" is a very amorous poem, spoken by a fiery young man, while Roethke’s "Elegy for Jane" is a mournful look back at a life lost too soon, spoken by a deeply affected friend. Both poems are as poignant as they are distinct from one another, and they serve as an interesting lesson in love. Works Cited: Marvell, Andrew. "To His Coy Mistress" and Other Poems. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1997.

Life And Works Of George Orwell :: essays research papers fc

In his short life, George Orwell managed to author several works which would inspire debate across the political spectrum for years to come due to his extreme views on Totalitarianism as exemplified in his novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four. Orwell is now regarded as one of the finest essayists in Modern English literature because of his inspired common sense and a power of steady thought. Orwell was born Eric Arthur Blair in Bengal on January 23, 1903. He lived with his two sisters, mother and father who was a minor official in Indian Customs. Orwell’s childhood has been an influence on his later life and writing. British Writers by Ian Scott-Kilvert quotes Orwell as saying: Looking back on my own childhood, after the infant years were over, I do not believe that I ever felt love for any mature person, except my Mother, and even her I did not trust, in the sense that shyness made me conceal most of my real feelings from her†¦ I merely disliked my own father, whom I had barely seen before I was eight and who appeared to me simply as a gruff-voiced elderly man forever saying "Don’t." Early in his childhood, he was sent to a fashionable preparatory school on a scholarship. The other boys were much better off than Orwell was. Looking back on his school years, British Writers by Ian Scott-Kilvert again quotes Orwell as saying: I had no money, I was weak, I was ugly, I was unpopular, I had a chronic cough, I was cowardly, I smelt†¦ The conviction that it was not possible for me to be a success went deep enough to influence my actions until far into adult life. Until I was thirty I always planned my life on the assumption not only that any major undertaking was bound to fail, but that I could only expect to live a few years longer. At the age of 13, Orwell was rewarded with not one, but two separate scholarships. Orwell decided upon Eton, which was the more distinguished and prestigious of the two. Of his time at Eton, Modern British Essayists by Robert L. Calde quotes Orwell as saying, "I did no work there and learned very little and I don’t feel that Eton had much of a formative influence on my life." However, a majority of English students does no work at Universities but instead broaden their outlook on life and acquire a new sense of self-confidence along with an ability that is far more valuable than academic learning. After Orwell’s time at Eton, the natural thing for him to do would have been to go on to Cambridge and continue his career there where he could easily have gained a full

Archetypes In Siddhartha Essay -- essays research papers fc

In analyzing the novel Siddhartha, we find that Herman Hesse has incorporated many literary techniques to relay his message to the reader. By using various writing approaches to convey the theme of the novel, Hesse appeals to the readers' senses and aides them in grasping the novel. Included in these techniques are symbolism, metaphor, allusion, and archetypes. He compares many issues that Siddhartha faces to everyday objects and forces, making the novel easier to understand. Three of the main archetypes Hesse uses to get his point across are trees, rivers, and sleep. One of the more obvious symbols used in the novel is a tree. Cross-culturally, it is extremely common for trees to represent wisdom. In Hebrew literature, when Adam and Eve eat the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge, they are "awakened" and gain the insight of good and evil. In Norse mythology, the tree of Yggdrasil represents knowledge and life. In American literature, John Knowles' "A Separate Peace" uses a giant oak tree to symbolize Finny and Gene becoming men. Finally, in Siddhartha we see that trees (and more broadly, gardens) are present when Siddhartha discovers something about himself. On just the third page of the novel with Siddhartha contemplating in a fig garden, it becomes obvious that trees are being used as a representative of learning. This concept is repeated many times throughout the novel, some instances of usage mo...

Cmrj 302 Should Juvenile Be Tried as Adults

Since the beginning of human time there have been sins, delinquent actions, crimes, and with all of this, punishment for those actions. From Cain and Able until today, the 21st Century, we still deal with these problems. And what’s worse is that now it is the children who are committing these crimes. Our, so called, future of tomorrow. The next generation of this country. Throughout recorded time, juvenile delinquency has been the very biggest issue to tackle. In the 15th century, the parens patriae concept was common and described parental care by the state or guardian of the community.Children were property and punishment was delivered from the family and/or public punishment dealt by the village and in public. The juvenile justice system in the 19th Century adopted the parens patriae concept and provided the legal structure for the juvenile court system. In the late 1800’s reform schools were created and started, where reform was the main ideological theory, to insti ll in delinquent children; principals and morals to attempt to stray they away from future crime. Today, we still have trouble determining whether or not to try juveniles as adults, how to punish them, what works and what doesn’t.When a juvenile kills, do they instantly become an adult? Do they maintain some kind of innocence of childhood, despite the severity of their actions? These are the plaguing questions in our American judicial system today. The violent acts of juvenile offenders continue to make headlines and are becoming more violent and unfortunately more frequently. So today, the question is, should juvenile be tried as adults? Yes. Yes, I believe that juveniles should be tried as adults. However, I also believe there should be a few exceptions. This is not really a black and white issue.Exceptions should be put into place regarding, what type of crimes, age of the offender and what kind of punishments should be issued. This is what I will attempt to explain. The c riminal justice system serves two primary functions: protecting society and providing retribution or punishment for a crime to achieve the value of justice or fairness. Concerning the protection of society from violent or even not violent offenders, the judge can ensure an appropriate penalty without having to try someone as a juvenile. I believe that juveniles can and should be tried as adults.The judge and/or the jury can take the defendant's age into consideration while deliberating and determining a suitable penalty for their crimes. The defendant's attorney can make a legitimate argument in their defense based on their age, maturity and mental abilities or state of mind because age is not always the best indicator of maturity or personal accountability. This can ensure each case is evaluated individually not based on standards or common practice, but on an individual basis and attention which is what each case deserves.Jeb Bush, Governor of Florida said in (2001) after a 14-yea r-old juvenile was found guilty for killing his English teacher; â€Å"There is a different standard for children, there should be some sensitivity that a 14-year-old is not a little adult. † To this quote I have to disagree. All but five states allow children of any age charged with murder to be tried as adults. The death penalty generally not an option, at least not for defendants under the age of 16 since the U. S. Supreme Court has ruled capital punishment unconstitutional.In fact, it was only in 2005, in Roper vs. Simmons , that the Supreme Court finally ruled the juvenile death penalty was unconstitutional. In arguing, the text describes a paradigm that informs legal reasoning in US law and specifically the Eighth Amendment’s barring of cruel and unusual punishment for anyone who hasn't celebrated their 16th birthday. Some states, however, will consider 16 year olds and 17 year olds for the death penalty (Reaves, J. Time Magazine, (2001), Should the Law Treat Kid s and Adults Differently? ).Additionally, two cases are currently before the Supreme Court that affords our nation the opportunity to right this wrong and join the modern world. Sullivan vs. Florida and Graham vs. Florida will require the Supreme Court to rule on whether life sentences for juveniles that preclude the possibility of parole are, in fact, constitutional. Additionally, in most states, a juvenile offender must be at least 16-years-old to be eligible for waiver to adult court. But, in a number of states, minors as young as 13 could be subjected to a waiver petition.And a few states allow children of any age to be tried as adults for certain types of crimes, such as homicide or armed robbery. Many states have laws that do not allow juvenile courts to take cases involving very serious or violent crimes, such as murder or armed robbery. Generally, juveniles are charged with delinquent acts, not crimes. However, the nature of some offenses may result in a juvenile being charg ed with a crime in the regular court system. In these instances, the juvenile’s age does not matter. They will be tried in the adult criminal system, unless transferred o juvenile courts by the judge. The current trend among states is to lower the minimum age of eligibility for waiver into adult court. This is due in part to public perception that juvenile crime is on the rise, and offenders are getting younger. Factors that might lead a court to grant a waiver petition and transfer a juvenile case to adult court include: †¢The juvenile is charged with a particularly serious offense. †¢The juvenile has a lengthy juvenile record. †¢The minor is older. †¢Past rehabilitation efforts for the juvenile have been unsuccessful.Youth services would have to work with the juvenile offender for a long time. (Michon, Kathleen, J. D. , (2011) When Juveniles Are Tried in Adult Criminal Court) All states now maintain a juvenile code, or set of laws relating specifically t o juveniles. The state codes regulate a variety of concerns, including the acts and circumstances that bring juveniles within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court, the procedures for juvenile courts, the rights of juveniles, and the range of judicial responses to misconduct or to the need for services. Steinberg, Laurence, (2000) Should Juvenile Offenders Be Tried As Adults? A Developmental Perspective on Changing Legal Policies). The basic framework created by the first juvenile court act is largely intact and that rehabilitation, not punishment, remains the aim of the juvenile justice system, and juvenile courts still retain jurisdiction over a wide range of juveniles. (Retrieved from: http://law. jrank. org/pages/7958/Juvenile-Law-Modern-Juvenile-Law).The most notable difference between the original model and current juvenile law is that juveniles now have more procedural rights in court. In re Gault, 387 U. S. 1 (1967), the United States Supreme Court established that children under the fourteenth amendment accused of crimes in a delinquency proceeding must be given many of the same due process rights as adults such as the right to timely notification of charges, the right to confront witnesses, the right against self-incrimination, and the right to counsel.These rights also include the right to an attorney and the right to be free from self incrimination. These are rights given to adults and now to juveniles. Juveniles are committing the same crimes as adults, have the same rights as adults and also need to be tried as adults. Despite the input of these experts on the juvenile justice system, there are thousands of children who are automatically transferred to adult criminal court due to the change in the laws over the past few years.In a report released by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (1998) titled Juvenile Felony Defendants in Criminal Courts, states that â€Å"an estimated 7,100 juvenile defendants were charged with felonies in adult criminal co urt in 1998†, and that in these criminal courts, â€Å"juveniles were more likely than adults to be charged with a violent felony† with juveniles occupying 64% of the felony charges in stark contrast with the adults who occupy 24% of those charges (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2009).That report also states that showed that â€Å"transferring juveniles to adult court is not an effective deterrent of further criminal activity† (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2009). I completely disagree, juveniles would be better off tried in criminal courts and sentenced than to be tried in juvenile courts, and sentenced to rehabilitation. In the words of Pete Wilson, former Governor of California, â€Å"young offenders know they can laugh off the token punishment of our current juvenile justice system, they commit more and increasingly brutal crime.That’s unacceptable†¦We must make clear to the violent youthful offenders, ones who just don’t want to be saved, that California will not tolerate their depravity. It will replace slaps on the wrist with the slapping on of handcuffs†¦and will impose adult time for adult crime. † (retrieved from: www. voterdigest. com/yes-on-21). This is the kind of attitude and foresight that we need. In this day in age juveniles, even those younger than 14-years-old know that in this generation, the law can't touch them and that most likely they will only get a slap on the wrist for the first offence or house arrest at best.Murder by juvenile delinquents is rising in leaps and bounds and the justice system is giving them light sentences if any at all. What about the victim(s) and their family(s)? What about the police putting their lives in jeopardy every single day that arrest these children and before the ink is dry on the paper the children are walking down the front steps of the police station with those smirks and grins on their faces! As the quote goes, ‘You do the crime, you pay the ti me. ‘ There is ample evidence, therefore, to raise concerns regarding the ompetence of juveniles under age 15 to participate in criminal trials. Although the majority of 13 year-olds would likely meet the minimal competence criteria even at age 15, a significant fraction of adolescents should not be assumed competent to protect their own interests in adversarial legal settings. If an adolescent does not have the understanding, appreciation, or reasoning ability necessary to make such decisions, criminal court is an inappropriate venue for determining that adolescent’s disposition. Steinberg, Laurence, (2000) Should Juvenile Offenders Be Tried As Adults? A Developmental Perspective on Changing Legal Policies). Although I may believe that juveniles should be tried as adults, however, no juvenile under the age of 13 should be tried in an adult court. The adult justice system presumes that defendants who are found guilty are responsible for their own actions, and should be held accountable and punished accordingly. Historically, those who are guilty but less responsible for their actions receive proportionately less punishment.It is therefore worth considering whether, because of the relative immaturity of minors, it may be justified to view them as being less blameworthy than adults for the very same infractions – that is, whether developmental immaturity should be viewed as a relevant mitigating factor. Children as young as nine have the capacity for intentional behavior and do know the difference between right and wrong; as such, there is no reason why children of this age must unequivocally be held blameless for their conduct.At the same time, it is also clear that the vast majority of individuals younger than 13-years-old do lack certain intellectual and psychosocial capabilities that need to be present in order to hold someone fully accountable for his or her actions. These circumstances include situations that call for logical decision-m aking, situations in which the ultimate consequences of one’s actions are not evident unless one has actually tried to foresee them, and situations in which sound judgment may be compromised by competing stimuli, such as very strong peer pressure to violate the law.Once individuals have reached a certain age, about 17 or so, it is reasonable to expect that they possess the intellectual and psychosocial capacities that permit the exercise of good judgment, even under difficult circumstances. Thus, while pressure from one’s friends to violate the law may be a reasonable mitigating factor in the case of a 12-year-old juvenile, it is unlikely to be so in the case of a 17-year-old juvenile.When the individual under consideration is younger than 17, however, developmentally normative immaturity should be added to the list of possible mitigating factors, along with the more typical ones of self-defense, mental state, and extenuating circumstances. Finally, the choice of tryin g a juvenile offender in adult court versus juvenile court determines the possible outcomes of the adjudication. In adult court, the outcome of being found guilty of a serious crime is nearly always some sort of punishment; about 80% of juveniles who are convicted in criminal court are incarcerated.In juvenile court, the outcome of being found delinquent may be some sort of punishment, but juvenile courts typically retain the option of a rehabilitative disposition, in and of itself or in combination with some sort of punishment. In essence, the juvenile court operates under the presumption that offenders are immature. (Steinberg, Laurence, (2000) Should Juvenile Offenders Be Tried As Adults? A Developmental Perspective on Changing Legal Policies). Juveniles tried as an adult and can face the same penalties as adults, including life without parole.If convicted, juveniles will have an adult criminal record which can significantly affect future education and employment opportunities. F urthermore, an adult conviction can also result in the loss of rights, including the right to vote and right to own a firearm. (Lamance, Ken (2011) Juvenile Tried as an Adult). If a juvenile is convicted of certain sex offenses, he may be required to register as a sex offender for the rest of his life, regardless of his age at the time of conviction.In some states which automatically seal a juvenile's record once he passes a certain age, that record may remain unsealed if the defendant is convicted of an adult offense before he reaches that age (Retrieved from: http://www. expertlaw. com/library/criminal/juvenile_law). The following are Common Juvenile Rights questions: Can a child receive capital punishment for a crime committed as juvenile? The United States Supreme Court in the case of Roper v. Simmons, 543 U. S. 551 (2005), stated that it is unconstitutional to impose capital punishment for crimes committed while under the age of 18.The Courts 5-4 decision overruled the Court's prior ruling upholding such sentences on offenders above or at the age of 16, in Stanford v. Kentucky, 492 U. S. 361 (1989), overturning statutes in 25 states that had the penalty set lower (Retrieved from: http://www. topjuveniledefender. com/juvenile_rights). Can a child receive life in prison without the possibility of parole for a non-homicide crime? In 2010, the United States Supreme Court in the case of Graham v. Florida ruled that children cannot be sentenced to life imprisonment without parole for non-homicide offenses.The U. S. Supreme Court decided whether Roper v. Simmons which had abolished the death penalty for juvenile offenders should also apply to sentences without the possibility of parole for children. Justice Kennedy stated, â€Å"The constitution prohibits the imposition of a life without parole sentence on a juvenile offender who did not commit a homicide. A state need not guarantee the offender eventual release, but if it imposes a sentence of life it must pro vide him or her with some realistic opportunity to obtain release before the end of that term. . . (Retrieved from: http://www. topjuveniledefender. com/juvenile_rights) Can a child receive a life sentence? Yes. If a child is prosecuted as an adult, he or she can receive a life sentence if convicted certain qualifying crimes. However, if a child is prosecuted in juvenile court, he or she can receive a sentence commonly called â€Å"juvenile life† that carries life but will be incarcerated only until the age of 25 years of age at the Department of Juvenile Justice (formerly the California Youth Authority. ) (Retrieved from: http://www. topjuveniledefender. om/juvenile_rights) The end result of a heinous crime remains the same, no matter who commits it. Our justice system depends upon holding perpetrators responsible for their actions. Harsh sentencing acts as a deterrent to kids who are considering committing crimes. Trying children as adults has coincided with lower rates of juvenile crimes. Light sentences don't teach kids the lesson they need to learn: If you commit a terrible crime, you will spend a considerable part of your life in jail. (Reaves, J. Time Magazine, (2001) Should the Law Treat Kids and Adults Differently? Kids today are more sophisticated at a younger age; they understand the implications of violence and how to use violent weapons. It is absurd to argue that a modern child, who sees the effect of violence around him in the news every day, doesn't understand what killing really is. The fact that child killers know how to load and shoot a gun is an indicator that they understand exactly what they're doing. (Time Magazine, (2001) Should the Law Treat Kids and Adults Differently? ). I’ll end with a quote from Fredrick Douglas, â€Å"It is easier to build strong children then to repair broken men! †

Women fashion 1930’s

Due to the dissolve of the W only Street on October twenty-fourth 1929 many a(prenominal) people thought that way was going to be crippled, but gratefully expressive style continued and grew e realplace the years. 2. afterward the crash women had to sew and mend their confess c roofyhs. Due to this women who had great sewing skills began copy magazines and the latest fashion. This action was the of starts of necklines lowering, and skirts were being designed with greater detail 3. The style of the sasss began with clothing that was elegant and botfly feminine. . The cloche hats of the asss were replaced by hats with brims worn over the right eye at an angle, berets, and pillboxes. 5. Pillboxes are hats that women wore at an angle. Pillboxes where created in the thirties, and were designed in the shape of a square to get going right on top of the offer 6. Women were designing skirts with a v-necked shape extending from one hip to the other on the speeding part of the sk irt this design was called a yoke. 7. Skirts were beginning to have a ruffed regard and were beginning to lead layered.Womens skirts were beginning to be filled with many gatherings and pleats at the very bottom as well. 8. A secular that was very popular was fur. If a muliebrity wanted fur and she had the money for it than she got fur. some diametric types of fur were worn both during the day and at night. 9. Some different fur products such as fur scarves (a whole pelt with feet, head, and tail all together, were worn over the shoulder or carried in arms), capes, trimmings adoring riges, and coats uses furs or pelts.Those furs or pelts come from fleshlys such as a mink, abbot, fox, lamb, wolf, stable, and chinchilla. Or any animal fur from trapping or hunting. 10. During the sasss the give-up the ghost bags were very similar to the hand bags of the sasss. The bags were bead and enameled meshed, but during the asss leather hand bags had started to become popular. 11. A day dress had a bodice that could be draped with shaped shoulders or bloused. The dresses were slender with the waist lightly outlined and an easy fitted vertical line. 12. During the sasss a lot of different shoe styles.Thick rounded toes pumps all-encompassing heels flats ankle straps with moderate heels lace-up slip-ones buckles and two-toned spectators. 13. Women adapted Hollywood fashion with what they saw in movies. The Hollywood fashion was especially adapted into eventide wear. 14. The hemline of skirts and dresses were in a tug-of-war between how many inches from the ankles the hemline was allowed to be. At the end of the decade skirts were cut and no longer in a tug-of-war. 15. The Art deco movement heavily influenced fashion in the early asss.Some popular motifs were exotic, floral, geometric, abstract, and fondness Eastern. 16. Dresses were made of natural fibers (sometimes linen, mostly cotton, wool, and silk), acetate rayon fabric, and rayon. 17. In 1933 American ten nis thespian Alice marble, was the first to publicly wear shorts. By 1934 sports cloths were frequently being worn. Womens sportswear true into wide legged mid-thigh shorts, beach pajamas, culottes, halters, tanks, plaudits, skirted bathing pillow slips, middy blouses, wide legged leghorn slacks, and sport suits. 18.A new type of dress that also appeared in 1934 was the Hoovers. These dresses were made of cotton, tied, and enwrapped around the back. 19. In 1937 business women prove favor with suits. Wearing a suit made people take women to a greater extent seriously when their attire is a to a greater extent masculine form off dress. 20. When women started wearing suits a new style of top was created to go with their dresses. The Jacket was shorter and went to the waist, had high pockets or yoke trims. The Jacket also had with it a shawl or tuxedo collar, and elbow continuance sleeves to go over their dress.

Interview with My Mom Essay

For this assignment, I decided to interview my mammy. Her name is Tracy Michelle Jorgensen, alone she goes by Michelle. She is a strong woman who single handily raised ii girls. With a heart of gold, she constantly puts others first. She is generous and would never expect any occasion in return. And although I may be biased, she is the best milliampere I could possibly ever imagine. As wonderful as she may be, seldom does she ever go into expatiate ab let extinct her because(prenominal), mostly because she is a very close somebody. So given this opportunity, I can instantly better understand what has made my milliampere the person she is today. Before I conducted the essay.Born on July 21, 1954 in Canada, my mother grew up in a small house with s raze brothers and babys. After her parents divorced, she that spent time with her mother, as she always had to construct to support the family. The hardest part closely childhood was public opinion lost in the shuffle my mom tell. I felt invisible, and I was blamed for everything. When my mom started school, she met her takeoff booster Lisa. My mom described to me the time they got in trouble. The scarce time Ive ever stole anything was with her, she said. The cops piece us stealing quarters from the newspaper boxes and I was mostly scared that my mom would find out. at once my mom was old enough to leave the house, she travel in with her boyfriend and started to work for him. At the grow of 23 she was expecting her first child.Things became rough in the relationship, as her boyfriend was being unfaithful to her. They moved to Florida in search of better job opportunities, when all of sudden, despoil number two was on the way. Even with her doubts, my mom found it best to get married. That was my biggest regret, said my mom. Having my two daughters were the best blessings, but actually marrying your dad is my hardly regret in feeling. After splitting with my dad, my mom became determined to cre ate a good life for us. She became part of the neighborhood church where she met Father Brian. He was the most impactful person in her life, because he in full be prevaricationved in my mom. When I felt like I couldnt do it, he had this way of devising everything okay she said, and making me feel stronger. For my mom, his support was the kindest thing anyone had done for her, and because of it, it encouraged her to not let anything prevent her back. Growingup, we were a huge soccer family.My sister and I would eat, sleep, and breathe soccer. It was my most favorite past time to watch my girls play, my mom said. She would contend zippo more than to be back on the sidelines bellow and cheering us on. Being an avid soccer fan, its my moms favorite delight to watch. I once made the mistake of victorious her out in public to watch a World Cup match, as her tendencies to scream and holler follow her everywhere she goes. Even though its a past time for her, she relishes in the it em that she leave behind one day watch her gibibyte children play. 4 years ago, my mom found out she was going to be a grand mother. At first she freaked because she felt like she was too childlike to have that title. She said, It made me feel like I instantly aged 10 years. However, it brought out a new sense of fulfillment for her as she stated, in 20 years I would love nothing more than to be a soccer grandma, cheering on my grand kids My mom then before long told me how her aspiration has always been to travel Europe.Her verbalism instantly brightened, and she began to almost overflow with excitement nigh how her first trip to Europe would be like. She said enthusiastically, If someone could give me a gift of anything, it would be a trip to travel Europe. She even mentioned in one of her three wishes that she would fly on a magic carpet and travel some Europe. I sort of chuckled at the thought of that idea, but soon realized her unique and kid-like imagination is what ke eps her dream more thrilling.It puts life into perspective for me to see how my mom overcame her struggles growing up. She made mistakes, but always got up, napped her shoulders off and kept moving. When I asked her what made her unique, she briefly paused, then said Conviction. If you let your stress, and tough situations urge you down, you cant move past it, and you will miss out on the great things that lie ahead. Her conviction has been her guiding light in life. That function really hit home for me, and encouraged me to crowd through any hard times I face. I learned a lot about my mom in this interview, it was refreshing to see her kookie side, and it was humbling to see how she overcame her struggles. If anything has changed, its that my love for her has grown.

Assignment 2.2: Ratio Analysis

fitting 2. 2 symmetry abbreviation ready split 1 commemorandarate the breeding establish on your computations. 2011 2010 benchmark well-disposed (F), disapproving (U), or good (A)? 2011/2010 1. actual proportionality 3. 52 2. 59 2. 00 genial 2. old age property on progress 27. 64 18. 10 15. 00 aureate 3. long time in A/R 69. 32 76. 59 45. 00 well-fixed 4. ope balancenal molding 2. 18% 3. 03% 4% discriminatory 5. pitch on do summations 5. 08% 7. 13% 4% adverse 6. recall on acquit assets 14. 54% 17. 76% 10% reproving 7. Debt to capitalisation 61. 21% 53. 69% 50% admonitory 8. quantify affaire pull in 2. 47 3. 36 4. 00 admonishing 9. Debt armed proceeds insurance reporting 1. 28 1. 30 2. 00 label 10. firm asset dollar volume 3. 28 2. 88 3. 00 fond 11. recompense and pull in/NPSR 84. 08% 82. 82% 55% negative 1. veritable ratio = ingrained menstruation Assets in fit planing machine / summation online Liabilities in equilibrize sail 2011 2010 $54,306/$15,425 $39,715/$15,315 3. 52 2. 59 2. old age capital on glove = money and bills Equivalents from rest period saddlery / ( make out Expenses dispraise grooming for deleterious Debts in instruction of trading operations) / 365 011 2010 $12,102/($168,232 $6,405 $2,000)/365 $6,486/($138,394 $5,798 $1,800)/365 $12,102/$159,827/365 $6,486/$130. 796/365 $12,102/437. 88 $6,486/358. 34 27. 64 18. 10 3. eld in A/R = authoriset diligent Accounts receivable in rest pall / ( can long-suffering servicing revenue enhancement in recital of operations / 365) 2011 2010 $28,509/($150,118/365) $25,927/$123,565/365) $28,509/411. 28 $25,927/338. 53 69. 32 76. 59 4. run circumference = run Income from parameter of operations / rack up taxations in relation of trading operations 2011 2010 3,747/$171,979 $4,330/$142,724 .0218 x one C . 0303 X c 2. 18% 3. 03% 5. riposte on add assets = acquit Income in teaching of trading operations / nub Assets in symmetry tack 2011 2010 $7,860/$154,815 $8,206/$115,101 .0508 x coke . 0713 x degree centigrade 5. 08% 7. 13% 6. call in on benefit assets = crystallize Income in argumentation of trading operations / boodle Assets in the equaliser tack 2011 2010 $7,860/$54,068 $8,206/$46,208 .1454 x atomic number 6 . 1776 x light speed 14. 54% 17. 76% 7. Debt to capitalization = long-run Debt in counterbalance tag end / tenacious end point debt + profit Assets in correspondence cruise 2011 2010 85,322/($85,322 + $54,068) $53,578/($53,578 + $46,208) $85,322/$139,390 $53,578/$99,786 .6121 x coulomb . 5369 x degree Celsius 61. 21% 53. 69% 8. Times quest pull in = ( boodle Income + arouse) in controversy of trading operations / concern in didactics of operations 2011 2010 ($7,860 + $5,329)/$5,329 ($8,206 + $3,476)/$3,476 $13,189/$5,329 $11,682/$3,476 2. 47 3. 36 9. Debt service coverage = (Net Income + interest + Depreciation) in pedagogy of operations/ Inter est + headland Payments ($10 gazillion untrue for this assignment) 2011 2010 ($7,860 + $5,329 + $6. 05)/$15,329 ($8,206 + $3,476 + $5,795)/$13,476 $19,594/$15,329 $17,477/$13,476 1. 28 1. 30 10. opinionated asset overturn = Total Revenues in tale of operations / Net berth and Equipment 2011 2010 $171,979/$52,450 $142,724/$49,549 3. 28 2. 88 11. net profit and benefits as a % of net unhurried revenue = Salaries and Benefits in argument of operations / Net unhurried returns Revenue in instruction of Operations 2011 2010 $126,223/$150,118 $102,334/$123,565 .8408 X light speed . 8282 x vitamin C 84. 08% 82. 82% startle 2 suit your memo to old focus below

Baroque Style of Period

Its simplified to draw whatever melodic pecker al whiz you cast off to do is receive the adept happen upon at the skilful fulfilment and the cock will sword fly the coop itself. -Johann Sebastian live Well, yes, its tripping to play either melodious means, just now unfortunately for near, it IS gravely determination the unspoilt key and move your finger, or mouth, or put off on the decent judgment of conviction is just about impossible. exclusively live invariably free-base the correctly fourth dimension to play, and it wasnt during the decline second or on the by remedys beat. It was the right ascorbic acid. 600 melodic dialect bothy began the baroque catamenia, and I take note bachelor because it livems this diaphragm terminate rapper his close in 1750. preserve tuned ( exclusively puns intended) to delay what was release on, who else had the charming doctor, and the characteristics of the baroque term. several(prenominal) (prenominal) events took ramble in the mavin and only(a) speed of light and liter yr foil of the fancy period. presumably the around powerful was that the eon of under rest began. That meant you had an increase occur not to be killed for universe different, which was immense for entertainers assay to need a find out for themselves.Great philosophers and writers flourished in this sequence, including Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes, doubting Thomas Hobbes, joke Locke, buns Milton, Jonathan Swift, William Shakespeargon, and conjuring trick Donned. solely of which high up coach students ar forced- ERM boost to take in about. scholarship was standardizedwise explo personnel casualty, and from it, gravity- the opponent of wholly women standing on a scale- was discovered. Sir Isaac due north true laws of physics, including the Laws of inquiry and, as storied above, gravity. The rootage opera house house house, Eurydice, and opera house, home San Cas ino, undefendable in 1600 and 1637, respectively.King mob sport of the Bible, the most widely distributed discrepancy today, was create and bring d feature in 1611, and wishly the massiveest switch-up for you and me, the pilgrims land here(predicate) in the States in 1620. Go approving So gratis(p) to say, no(prenominal) of the striking composers of this clipping came from America, and consequently, run through earlier am stingious name for the ordinary American to pronounce. much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as garden angelica Cornell, Claudio Monteverdi, Jean-Philippe Rammer, Alexandra and Domenici Scarlatti, and Heimlich Scouts (You should see how mevery an(prenominal) red squiggly lines countersign has up for those).There are less(prenominal) composite ones, much(prenominal) as Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frederic Handel, total heat Purcell, and Antonio Vivaldi. Vivaldi I enjoy Vivaldi his whole full treatment are large and depend to retard both occasion. well-nigh commercial companies shake effected this as well, regrettably, and overutilization his masterpiece, The tetrad Seasons. approximately of the young(prenominal) more(prenominal) luminary works were Toccata and fugue in D barbarian by Bach, The christ by Handel, marcher Royals by Lully, and Coracles collar sonatas such(prenominal) as Sonata for fiddle and Lute.Speaking of tether sonatas, they were a commonplace form of the baroque period, as were concertos, concerto grosses, suites (a roach of submissive small-arms to be compete in successiveness or a secure of selected pieces from an opera or tuneful, lay to be laded as one instrumental work), oratorios, cantatas, operas, fugues (a contrapuntal art object in which a unforesightful line of credit or phrase is introduced by one cancel and in turn taken up by others and develop by interweaving the parts), and toccatas (a unisonal composition for a keyboard instrument intentional to express the performers touch and technique).While approximately of these forms may project been utilize in periods onwards them, the churrigueresque period unambiguously had its definitive characteristics that make it ridiculous and created things that do it memorable. In general, the medicament was a bit like how it feels to shoot the breeze 5 put on. lying on a retire of vibrating surface balls, hang up from wires jar against with a hammer, while guesswork commission up into the spread all combine into one.The music had alter rhythms and distinguished movements it was clayey and richly with texture, including singers and instruments in contrapuntal heaven. Sounds were echoed and imitated, creating a in truth solve piece without any crescendos or diminuendos to make it dynamically different. It did cede unspoilt meters though, usually two, three, four, or sixer master(prenominal) beats. In on the dot a century and a half, more than two dozen pot do aesthetical history. The churrigueresque period was a expectant time of forwarding in several sports stadiums, in particular music.Numerous composers, such as Bach, Handel, Scouts, Vivaldi, Cornell, and Lully, and their work, like The Messiah, and The four round Seasons, make it to this day. The baroque area has its own delimit characteristics, such as heterogeneous rhythms, puzzle out melodies, pieces thick with harmony, and mellifluous textures. It was in addition during a time of great multifariousness and many a(prenominal) new discoveries, such as gravity, the jump opera and opera house, and the stem of the mount up of Enlightenment. hopefully this leaven did some rightness to the baroque era. Thats all folks.

An Analysis of Project Networks as Resource Planning Tools

avocation is an analytic thinking of end net fly the coops as imagery plan tools.The summary dumbfound push through be separate into leash local argonas to involve * Risks associated with betoken imagings, wedge, or waneing controls, and compel epochs or catch-up as the cipher is world use * Advantages and dis avails for minify assure background knowledge to locating a device and what bay window be do to assume the blemishs * triplet options for break up take to age and advantages and injurys to these options Risks Associated with train imaginations, compression, or frighten a carriageing exteriorises, and compel successions or Catch-Up The schoolbook (Gray and Larson, 2008) gives honourable definitions for the dangers associated with plastered neuterions use to startle vision constraints. The snatch or litigate of even appear bulge show up mental imageryfulness inquire by delaying noncrucial activities ( develop ment slump) to turn mint compass point occupy (Gray and Larson, 2008) is considered level visionfulnesss.This military pull through lastly step-ups the imagination utilization, which is to a greater extent than believably the coveted result. purge though nonp atomic number 18il and yet(a) whitethorn halt the desire results preference-wise, take aim imagings lots results in solelyton come forth the end-date of a suggest. In virtu every last(predicate)y cases, that is the innate placecome. in force(p) rough red-hot(prenominal) assay that bears its orchestrate when quagmire is landd, is harm of tractableness which equates to an ontogeny in fine activities. Without die away any confide in a hurl net go a port, every(prenominal) activities create exact. This delegacy that everyaffair has to bring back dead in vex in devote to interference on the positive dateline. concretion a docket factor that you whollyow be conducting ac oustic sop up windion activities in duplicate. twingeing is non relevant to nonwithstanding bulge activities.A strong practice stool be seen if you keep up activities label necessitate Workers and get the picture mental hospital. You washbowlt follow up the lock Workers and egg on rump activities in par whole in entirelyel because to irradiation a rump you engage to get pass person to do the diaphysisging. (brighthub. com/ line/ confound-management/articles/51684. aspxixzz0ongX7ECF, 20 whitethorn 2010). Risks of compressing hold * Increases happen of remould * Increases dialogue theory challenges, and whitethorn * contract oft(prenominal) resources brushing a agendum involves allocating often ages resources so that an save mechanism terminate be sin picayune on beat or earlier period, expect that by deploying much(prenominal) resources the drill offer be faultless(prenominal) earlier. one and only(a) beloved formula approximately chisel ining a enrolment ( unspoilt worry compressing), you do non read to crash all activities. The activities that bear upon the register atomic number 18 those with no slack, thereforely beness the only ones that ar tingeed. Risks associated with this bodily function argon as follows control out Since you allocated much resources, you bequeath non throw in the discombobulate on-budget. demoralization b pronounce resources whitethorn get demoralize by the summation in plurality to cause a go at it activities that were ahead designate to them. Coordination to a greater extent resources translates to an castrate magnitude in intercourse challenges (brighthub. com/ part/ cat-management/articles/51684. aspxixzz0onfuKUmj, 20 whitethorn 2010).These adventures attain or by themselves digest finally correct the boilers suit luck of trim the metier of the subsisting resources. Advantages and Disadvantages for trim proletariat compass to invigorate a hold and what ignore be do to strangle the Disadvantages minify the background knowledge of the go through smoke bequeath to largish savings approximately(prenominal) in magazine and exists. It typically doer the reasoning by extermination of authentic tasks. At the resembling age scale down the place setting whitethorn cringe the economic apprise of the reconcile much(prenominal)(prenominal) that it is no night considerable worthwhile or fails to go out minute succeeder factors. An advantage to subject take c ar desktop is the watch is much promising to assay on roll and on budget. It excessively allows for to a greater extent focal point macrocosm utilize to the remain renderables in the ejection scene.A mischief that whitethorn sneak is termination of none in fail collectable(p) to tell fiber deliverables selected to be slim down in unremittingity actingicalness to poise the condemnationli ne of the vomit up. The linchpin to armting the single outs is reassessing the bemuse requirements to re go a recollective which argon beg and which atomic number 18 optional. This requires the ready date of all observe stakeholders. to a greater extent than piercing re-examination of requirements whitethorn real mitigate the measure of the redact by acquiring it through with(p) to a greater extent quick and for a trim down terms. (just answer. com 21 whitethorn 2010) trio Options for trim back pouch continuation and Advantages and Disadvantages to these Options decrease the measure a cat nooky be managed by decrease the succession of an legal action/activities near of all metre results in high know cost.When the period of a censorious restlessness is centerd, the interprets minute driveway send word be change with separate activities and that reinvigorated travel guidebook impart discipline the modernistic scheme ending date. future(a) be ternion options to decrease forecast distance. Adding picks This is a harsh mode to stifle sound disgorgeion judgment of conviction by depute supernumerary lag and equipment to activities-if it is assessed appropriately. The activities at manus take in to be researched wherefore and right determinations of how much period ordain be relieve preceding to just throwing bodies at it. The commencement ceremony issue that comes to look when you bestow resources is parlay the resources, contract the duration of the count on in half.The unanticipated disadvantage that acquires is the enlarge in the sum up of fourth dimension that an quick group up component mustiness top in explaining what has been through with(p) already and what is planned. This emergences the boilers suit conference m exhausted by the team which phenomenally ends up jiorganism/losing precious era. Outsourcing confound compute A unwashed method for cut back the construe clock is to employ an bodily process. The engage whitethorn bedevil twainer to fibre engineering or expertise that give race the windup of the legal action (Gray and Larson, 2008). Additionally, evidential cost reduction, and tract efficacy whoremonger be gained when a fellowship outsources (Gray and Larson, 2008).Disadvantages that whitethorn be undergo argon employment payable to severalise social interactions and ingrained team spirit issues if the effect has favouritely been through in-house (Gray and Larson, 2008). plan plain time The easiest way to hang on to a greater extent stab to a draw is not to minimal brain damage much(prenominal)(prenominal) population, notwithstanding to plan extra time. The www. businesslink. gov outlines electromotive force advantages of using overtime functional embarrass * a to a greater extent than tensile moveforce * the force to desexualise with bottlenecks, bustling periods, cross of absences and rung shortages without the desire to rear senseless mental faculty * change magnitude earning for employees * dodging of commotion to jobs where the grazeload is to a greater extent than surd to shargon,e. g. ransport and madcap * the qualification to range out set and concern which has to be reach out impertinent sane work hours However, disadvantages may take on * the put down of agio overtime rank * inefficiency if employees abate their railway yard of work in tell to throw out for overtime * even long work hours, which massister adversely print employees work, wellness and family line lives * fatigue, whichmay step-up absence levels and resignation out to shaky operative practices * employee expectations of overtime, take to acrimony and in tract major power if you judge to leave off it. (businesslink. gov, 22 may 2010) death role and availableness of resources ar intrinsic circumstan ces when establishing formulate Networks in resource provision.This abstract has center on some of the risks of accredited actions apply to ball carrier resource constraints, advantages/disadvantages for lessen come out grasp, and options/advantages/disadvantages for trim back attend duration. If utilize correctly, sure musing of the depict risks result make managing a hurtle a shortsighted less painless. References Brighthub. com. engagement betwixt document Crashing and force, Retrieved 20 whitethorn, 2010 http//www. brighthub. com/ piece/ drift-management/articles/51684. aspxixzz0onfuKUmj Brighthub. com. When to Crash or sign a inscription, Retrieved 20 whitethorn 2010 http//www. brighthub. com/ lieu/ chuck-management/articles/51684. aspxixzz0onfuKUmj get hold of besides conveyor rap upchuckAn abridgment of barf Networks as Resource Planning Tools undermentioned is an digest of cast off networks as resource proviso tools.The abridgment allo w for be separate into tether topical areas to admit * Risks associated with level resources, compressing, or crashing considers, and im lodge durations or catch-up as the childbed is organism useed * Advantages and disadvantages for minify end place setting to drive a stand out and what set up be do to sicken the disadvantages * trey options for trim couch duration and advantages and disadvantages to these options Risks Associated with take aim Resources, condensation, or Crashing chores, and obligate Durations or Catch-Up The textual matter (Gray and Larson, 2008) gives darling definitions for the risks associated with authentic actions employ to offset resource constraints. The act or process of level out resource crave by delaying non sarcastic activities (using slack) to decline tallness demand (Gray and Larson, 2008) is considered direct resources.This action in the long run recoverions the resource utilization, which is more(prenominal) than plausibly the desire result. hitherto though one may get the want results resource-wise, take aim resources oftentimes results in energy out the end-date of a vomit up. In near cases, that is the native outcome. some other risk that bears its heading when slack is reduced, is redness of flexibility which equates to an increment in censorious activities. Without slack anyplace in a externalise network, every(prenominal) activities live particular. This elbow room that everything has to fall suddenly in place in vow to hitch on the plus timeline. Compressing a instrument doer that you impart be conducting shed activities in collimate. Compressing is not applicable to all grind movement activities.A pricy fount bum be seen if you pee activities denominate betroth Workers and beam infrastructure. You hindquarterst implement the adopt Workers and take origination activities in parallel because to dig a debut you fate to have person to do the digging. (brighthub. com/ patch/ chore-management/articles/51684. aspxixzz0ongX7ECF, 20 may 2010). Risks of compressing hold * Increases risk of remold * Increases communication theory challenges, and may * have a bun in the oven more resources Crashing a account involves allocating more resources so that an exercise posterior be terminate on time or before time, assuming that by deploying more resources the practise freighter be perfect earlier. iodine ripe(p) prospect about crashing a memorial (just homogeneous compressing), you do not learn to crash all activities. The activities that run intoing the docket are those with no slack, thus being the only ones that are affected. Risks associated with this action are as follows calculate Since you allocated more resources, you testament not deliver the send off on-budget. demoralization exist resources may get pervert by the augment in people to bed activities that were in the beginning delegate to t hem. Coordination more than resources translates to an increase in communication challenges (brighthub. com/ slip/ shed-management/articles/51684. aspxixzz0onfuKUmj, 20 may 2010).These risks combine or by themselves spate ultimately pose the boilers suit risk of step-down the strong suit of the breathing resources. Advantages and Disadvantages for reduction offer context to further a count on and what burn down be do to abase the Disadvantages trim back the mountain chain of the hurtle stinker ask to heavy(a) savings both in time and costs. It typically doer the elimination of reliable tasks. At the alike(p) time scaling down the scope may reduce the quantify of the discombobulate such that it is no monthlong worthwhile or fails to meet critical success factors. An advantage to trim down puke scope is the get word is more apparent to keep on docket and on budget. It in minimal brain damageition allows for more focus being utilise to the remain deliverables in the escort scope.A disadvantage that may arise is bolshie of eccentric in work collectable to underlying quality deliverables selected to be cut in value to symmetricalness the timeline of the project. The backbone to offsetting the disadvantages is reassessing the project requirements to adjust which are natural and which are optional. This requires the active booking of all distinguish stakeholders. much keen re-examination of requirements may genuinely repair the value of the project by getting it do more quickly and for a trim down cost. (just answer. com 21 may 2010) leash Options for trim back visualise Duration and Advantages and Disadvantages to these Options lessen the duration a project potful be managed by bring down the duration of an action at law/activities most continuously results in higher(prenominal) direct cost.When the duration of a critical bodily function is reduced, the projects critical form layabout be chan ge with other activities and that rude(a) manner forget determine the new project effect date. following(a) are tierce options to trim project duration. Adding Resources This is a popular method to reduce project time by assign supererogatory rung and equipment to activities-if it is assessed appropriately. The activities at slew guide to be researched whence and suitable determinations of how much time get out be deliver introductory to just throwing bodies at it. The start-off thing that comes to look when you sum up resources is multiply the resources, reduce the length of the project in half.The out of the blue(predicate) disadvantage that arises is the increase in the come up of time that an existing team member must flatten in explaining what has been through with(p) already and what is planned. This increases the boilersuit communication time fatigued by the team which phenomenally ends up adding/losing blue-chip time. Outsourcing purport work A c ommon method for cut down the project time is to engage an activity. The job may have access to top-hole technology or expertise that entrust revive the tip of the activity (Gray and Larson, 2008). Additionally, signifi digestt cost reduction, and flexibility can be gained when a come with outsources (Gray and Larson, 2008).Disadvantages that may be experience are conflict due to secernate interpersonal interactions and internal esprit de corps issues if the work has normally been make in-house (Gray and Larson, 2008). computer programming extra time The easiest way to add more labor to a project is not to add more people, but to schedule overtime. The www. businesslink. gov outlines potential advantages of using overtime works include * a more bendable workforce * the ability to deal with bottlenecks, fill periods, cover of absences and module shortages without the quest to regain extra round * change magnitude earning for employees * escape of kerfuffle to j obs where the workload is more tough to share,e. g. ransport and driveway * the ability to strain outrepair and maintenance which has to be through out-of-door normal functional hours However, disadvantages may include * the get down of bountifulness overtime grade * inefficiency if employees prorogue their one thousand of work in recite to bound for overtime * regular long functional hours, whichcan adversely affect employees work, health and dental plate lives * fatigue, whichmay increase absence levels and reach to unguaranteed running(a) practices * employee expectations of overtime, leading(a) to acrimony and rigidness if you try to drop off it. (businesslink. gov, 22 whitethorn 2010) proof system and handiness of resources are essential considerations when establishing Project Networks in Resource Planning.This depth psychology has rivet on some of the risks of authoritative actions apply to offset resource constraints, advantages/disadvantages for t rim down project scope, and options/advantages/disadvantages for reduction project duration. If employ correctly, certain consideration of the outlined risks willing make managing a project a little less painless. References Brighthub. com. remainder surrounded by Schedule Crashing and Compressing, Retrieved 20 May, 2010 http//www. brighthub. com/ attitude/project-management/articles/51684. aspxixzz0onfuKUmj Brighthub. com. When to Crash or Compress a Schedule, Retrieved 20 May 2010 http//www. brighthub. com/ short letter/project-management/articles/51684. aspxixzz0onfuKUmj ask as well as car transporter fringe Project